Sound cards:-

                                      allow computers to produce sound like music and voice. The older sound cards were 8 bit then 16 bit then 32 bit. Though the human ear can't distinguish the fine difference between sounds produced by the more powerful sound card they allow for more complex music and music production

Modem:-

                    A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines, cable or line-of-site wireless. The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. Digital modems transfer digital information directly without changing to analog.
Modems are measured by the speed that the information is transferred. The measuring tool is called the baud rate. Originally modems worked at speeds below 2400 baud but today analog speeds of 56,000 are standard. Cable, wireless or digital subscriber lines can transfer information much faster with rates of 300,000 baud and up.
Modems also use Error Correction which corrects for transmission errors by constantly checking whether the information was received properly or not and compression which allows for faster data transfer rates. Information is transferred in packets. Each packet is checked for errors and is re-sent if there is an error.
Anyone who has used the Internet has noticed that at times the information travels at different speeds. Depending on the amount of information that is being transferred, the information will arrive at it's destination at different times. The amount of information that can travel through a line is limited. This limit is called bandwidth.
There are many more variables involved in communication technology using computers, much of which is covered in the section on the Internet.

Printers:-

                   The printer takes the information on your screen and transfers it to paper or a hard copy. There are many different types of printers with various levels of quality. The three basic types of printer are; dot matrix, inkjet, and laser.

• Dot matrix printers work like a typewriter transferring ink from a ribbon to paper with a series or 'matrix' of tiny pins.
• Ink jet printers work like dot matrix printers but fires a stream of ink from a cartridge directly onto the paper.
• Laser printers use the same technology as a photocopier using heat to transfer toner onto paper.

Digital flash drives:-

work slightly differently as they use memory cards to store information so there are no moving parts. Digital cameras also use Flash memory cards to store information, in this case photographs. Hand held devices use digital drives and many also use memory cards.

PROTECT YOUR PC WITH A SURGE PROTECTOR:-

                                                                                     This is an area that is critical to the continued operation of your PC. Power surges and lightning strikes can sometimes get coupled onto your PC through the power or phone line. These surges can damage your PC.

Surge protected power strips have snubber circuits that filter out these potentially dangerous power line transients.

PROTECT YOUR PC WITH A SURGE PROTECTOR:-

                                                                                     This is an area that is critical to the continued operation of your PC. Power surges and lightning strikes can sometimes get coupled onto your PC through the power or phone line. These surges can damage your PC.

Surge protected power strips have snubber circuits that filter out these potentially dangerous power line transients.

Boot Quicker:-

                        After displaying "Starting Windows…" on your monitor screen, by default, Windows pauses 2 seconds to allow you time to push F8 if you want to go to the Boot Menu Screen. You can change it so it doesn't pause at this point. Simply open MSDOS.SYS and change the BootDelay line to BootDelay=0. The number you put in the BootDelay= line is the number of seconds Windows will pause. This means that you're going to have to be pretty fast at hitting F8 if you want to boot to the StartUp menu in Win95. In Windows 98, you just have to hold down the CTRL key as the computer boots.

Remove the Flying Windows Logo:-

If you don't want to see the Flying Windows Logo every time you start Windows, you can turn it off in MSDOS.SYS. In the [options] section, change the line Logo=1 to Logo=0.

Boot To DOS:-

                                   Sometimes you may want a computer to boot to a DOS prompt instead of into Windows, especially when trying to troubleshoot a boot problem. This can be done by making a simple change to the MSDOS.SYS file in the root directory of your hard drive. Remove the 'hidden' and 'read-only attributes on MSDOS.SYS. Open it in NotePad and change the line BootGUI=1, to read BootGUI=0. Change the attributes back. Now your computer will boot to the DOS Prompt. Maybe you want to do this from the DOS Prompt: Make sure you're in the root directory of your C drive. Type : attrib -h -r msdos.sys at the DOS Prompt, then press ENTER. Now type: edit msdos.sys and press ENTER again. In the Editor, change BootGUI=1, to read BootGUI=0. Save and exit. Change the file's attributes back (attrib +h +r msdos.sys), and reboot.

Removing the Attributes on MSDOS.SYS:-

                                                                                                    Warning: If DOS is your computer's Operating System, Do Not remove the attributes or change the contents of the MSDOS.SYS file.
Although MSDOS.SYS is a required start-up file in Windows 9x, it is no longer a binary file as it was in DOS. It's actually a simple text file that contains start-up information for the Operating System. It tells the computer where to find the Registry, and defines the location of the boot drive, different start-up files, and the location of the Windows directory. But, it also has an [Options] section that allows you to manipulate some of the start-up processes. Windows 9x sets the System, Hidden and Read-only attributes on MSDOS.SYS. Because it is a system file, it's important to back it up before you fool with it.

Webpage Won't Download or Seems to Take Forever :-


                                                                                                          When you click on a page or link, that information is sent to you over several different electronic pathways. There are many, many pathways that the info could travel down and the ones it is using may be congested. If the page just seems to hang there, or takes a long time to load, click 'Stop' on the Tool Bar, and then 'Refresh'. This may cause the page to be sent along a different pathway that is not so congested, and get it to your computer before the search times out.

You Don't Have to Type in the WWW., or .COM, or HTTP:// :-\

HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and with version 3.0 and later of Internet Explorer, you don't have to enter the http://. IE automatically will insert it for you.

Organize Your Favorites Folder:-

If you do a fair amount of surfing and save a lot of sites in your Favorites folder for future access, your Favorites can quickly become cluttered and disorganized. By creating and naming new folders, and dragging and dropping your files into the related folders, you can organize your favorites so that pages are easier and quicker to find.

 

Search for a Word on the WebPage :-

                                                                      So, you've waded through the thousands of results you got when you typed a word into a searchbox on AltaVista or Excite. You've clicked on a link and arrived at a particular webpage, but now the webpage seems to be about ten feet long. Do you have to read the whole thing to find the information pertinent to the word you typed in? Not necessarily, click 'Edit' on the menu bar and choose 'Find (on this page)'. Now you can type in your search word again and Internet Explorer will search that particular page for any instance of your word.

Searching the Internet with IE :-

                                                            When you first search with IE, you'll see a drop down box with MSN's Searchbox. The dropdown box will offer you the opportunity to check out other Search Engines, and as you do, these Search services will appear in the dropdown box. Really, an excellent way to search.

Remove the Go Button on the Address Bar :-


Internet Explorer 5+ has a 'Go' button after the Address field on the Address Bar. After you've typed in the URL, you can head to the website by clicking on the 'Go' button. Of course, you can also just press ENTER!

Transferring Favorites To or From Netscape :-

                                                                                        In IE ver 5.0, you can export your Favorites folder for use in Netscape, or for backup. Click on 'File', then 'Import and Export'. Follow the Wizard's directions and export your favorites to an HTML file that can be used by Netscape.

Saving a Favorite WebSite :-

                                                     If you find a website you may want to return to later, you can put it in your Favorites folder for easy access later. While at the website, simply click 'Favorites' on the Menu Bar (not the Favorites Icon on the Tool Bar), and then OK. Actually, the box that pops up will allow you to name the Favorite, and put it in a particular folder if you want by clicking the 'Create In' button.

Turning Off Autocomplete:-

                                                  When you're typing an URL into the Address field on the Address Bar, Internet Explorer will try to autocomplete what you are typing. This means that if you type 'http://www.p', Explorer might try to finish it off with a site you had visited previously (such as ''). Simply press ENTER and you're at the site.

Drag and Drop From FTP Pages:-

                                                                     The most often used method of transferring files to and from the Internet is File Transfer Protocol (FTP). To put it quite simply, it's a set of rules and standards for transferring information.

  Finding a File On Your Hard Drive:-

                                                                          If you know a files name and you want to look for it in the current directory, its common knowledge that the DIR command will do the job. (eg. DIR WHATEVER.TXT)

Copying Files From Your Setup Diskettes:-
               
                                                                                                      Most of the files on the DOS setup diskettes are compressed. These compressed files will have the last letter of their extension replaced with an underscore (eg. EDIT.CO_). If you should happen to accidentally delete one from your hard drive, or if one has become corrupt, you may need to copy a single compressed file to your computer.

Help With DOS Commands:-

                                                            In versions 5.0 and newer, you can use the help command for usage information and proper syntax of the different DOS commands. To view all the commands, just type HELP at the DOS prompt and press ENTER. For help on a specific command, type HELP, leave a space then type the command. Example: HELP XCOPY will give you information on the XCOPY command. The HELP command is not available in the stripped down versions of DOS that come with Windows 9x.

Use Edit To Open Multiple Files:-

                                                                  You can open multiple files under the EDIT command and view each file in a separate window, which is accessed by clicking on the View menu. To open multiple files from the DOS prompt, type the file names separated by a space after the EDIT command. Example: EDIT AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS

What version of DOS is on your computer?:-
                                                                                   Type ver at the DOS prompt and press ENTER.

Finding DOS Software:-

                                                 One of the toughest tricks to accomplish nowadays is finding DOS programs. Everything on the store shelves is Windows, Windows, Windows. In fact, It's a lot easier to find software for Linux than it is for DOS. There are usually a couple of stores in each city that sell used computers and software and they're worth checking out. Another place to check out are the different schools, businesses and larger organizations in your community that probably have old DOS programs kicking around on shelves in their archives. This is especially true if you're looking for business-related programs like word processing software or database and spreadsheet programs. The price from these organizations may be the cost of your gas to go and pick them up!
If you're really stuck, you might check out the manufacturers themselves. I doubt very much if they just threw everything out when Windows took over, and they might even have a list of other obsolete programs collecting dust in their warehouse.

Troubleshooting with Multimeter:-

Testing tools can help in isolating the hardware or software problems and digital multimeter is a most important tool for the electronic troubleshooting. Digital Multimeter and other electronic test instruments are available in analog and digital form and these instruments can be used to measure the electrical values of the voltage, current in miliamperes and resistance in ohms. These devices are known as Volt-ohm-milimeters (VOMs) for the analog signals and digital millimeters (DMMs) for the digital types. You can also check the transistors, capacitors, motor windings and diodes with the digital multimeter. In computer troubleshooting, most of the tests of the digital multimeter are to check the DC readings.

Troubleshooting with Cable Testers:-

The most common hardware related compute networking problem is the bad cabling and RJ-45 connectors. There are a number of devices, designed for testing the network communication cabling. These devices include continuity tester, time domain reflectometer and cabling testers. Data cabling testers are designed to perform a number of different types of tests on the UTP/STP and coaxial cables. The master end of the cable tester is attached to one end of the cable and the load unit of the cable tester is attached to the other end of the cable. The master unit sends the signals through the cable and reads them from the load unit. When testing the cables, these devices normally detect the problems such as crossed-over wiring, broken wires, short connections and the cable connections that are improperly impaired.

Troubleshooting with POST Cards:-

The fatal error stops and system and when the POST card observes non fatal errors, they should be read very carefully because the error code, which is indicated must be coordinated with the timing of the error message or beep code produced by the BIOS routines. Normally POST cards come with the LEDs (light-emitting diodes that produces code error signals and they identify any kind of problem.

PC Hardware Troubleshooting Tools:-

Software Diagnostics Routines:-

                                                      Many disk based diagnostic methods can check the system and identify the problems by running the number of tests on the different areas of the system hardware. These tests produce the visual reports and error messages to identify the nature of the problem. The most common software troubleshooting routines check the computer’s memory, keyboard, monitor, system processor, and hard disk’s speed. If the system CPU, hard disk and system clock is working properly, then you will be able to localize the problem by targeting the other points in the system. If the diagnostic tools/routines identify a number of defective software/hardware then you should replace one defective unit a time.

Configuration Error Messages :-

                       PC Hardware Troubleshooting Tips

Though they tend to cause some of the nastiest symptoms—computers that won't boot, scary and/or confusing error messages, etc.—computer hardware problems are usually the easiest type of problems to solve. The trick, as with all troubleshooting ventures, is to figure out where to start and then focus your efforts.

First, of course, you need to check the stupid stuff. You'd probably be amazed how many "problems" are solved by connecting the cables, or turning on the power switch that you swear you just did. Beyond that, double-check the snugness of your connections—jiggling in a new add-in card or screwing in a cable connection can (and often does) make a difference. You may even want to check the integrity of your cables and connectors. I once solved a baffling SCSI problem by noticing that one of the pins in a miniature 50-pin SCSI-II connector was bent. I had mistakenly presumed, prior to that, that a bent pin would have prevented me from making a connection at all, but it didn't. Unfortunately, as a result, I wasted several hours on something that could've taken two minutes.

Finally, whenever you install something new, whether it's more memory, a new drive, a plug-in card or what-have-you, and something doesn't work, it's more than likely because you made a mistake somewhere in the installation process. Step back through the process again, double- and triple-check your connections, and then try one more time. In the case of RAM that doesn't work or isn't recognized, it could be an incompatibility with the specific manufacturer of the RAM and your motherboard, so see if you can try a different brand before you give up hope. Finally, in some instances installing something new causes a conflict with something else--which is what the rest of this article is all about.

                       PC Hardware Troubleshooting Tips

Though they tend to cause some of the nastiest symptoms—computers that won't boot, scary and/or confusing error messages, etc.—computer hardware problems are usually the easiest type of problems to solve. The trick, as with all troubleshooting ventures, is to figure out where to start and then focus your efforts.

First, of course, you need to check the stupid stuff. You'd probably be amazed how many "problems" are solved by connecting the cables, or turning on the power switch that you swear you just did. Beyond that, double-check the snugness of your connections—jiggling in a new add-in card or screwing in a cable connection can (and often does) make a difference. You may even want to check the integrity of your cables and connectors. I once solved a baffling SCSI problem by noticing that one of the pins in a miniature 50-pin SCSI-II connector was bent. I had mistakenly presumed, prior to that, that a bent pin would have prevented me from making a connection at all, but it didn't. Unfortunately, as a result, I wasted several hours on something that could've taken two minutes.

Finally, whenever you install something new, whether it's more memory, a new drive, a plug-in card or what-have-you, and something doesn't work, it's more than likely because you made a mistake somewhere in the installation process. Step back through the process again, double- and triple-check your connections, and then try one more time. In the case of RAM that doesn't work or isn't recognized, it could be an incompatibility with the specific manufacturer of the RAM and your motherboard, so see if you can try a different brand before you give up hope. Finally, in some instances installing something new causes a conflict with something else--which is what the rest of this article is all about.

Dual booting:-


                             You're brand new Windows Vista or Windows 7 equipped PC can almost certainly run Windows XP quite nicely too, (assuming you can find Windows XP drivers for all your hardware). Setting up more than one operating system on a single computer is usually called "dual booting". Some adventurous users even triple or quad boot between versions of Windows and various flavours of Linux! When you want to change the operating system, simply power down and reset your computer then select your alternative operating system from a special boot menu. Alternatively, you can use a removable hard drive caddy and simply swap one operating system drive for another one.
This approach is quite appealing in some scenarios. If you set up Windows XP on your PC, then naturally you'll get 100% compatibility with Windows XP software. This is great news for game players who've amassed large collections of video games over the years that Windows XP has been available. Unlike the emulation and virtualization options that we discuss later in this article, your Windows XP installation will run as quickly and smoothly as possible, with full access to your computers hardware.
There are several rather large drawbacks to this approach too. Firstly and most importantly, configuring your computer to dual boot is a complex process, one that varies from machine to machine and one that can certainly end in disaster if not done correctly. A full discussion of how to set up a dual boot system is beyond the scope of this article. Secondly, it's worth reiterating that in order to switch from one operating system to another, you must shut down the current operating system then reboot the alternative. While this probably won't matter to gamers, the inconvenience of having to save all your work, shut down all your applications and switch operating systems like this in order to run a desktop or productivity application may be too much for most users.
The next part of the article discusses two important technologies for running older sofware on modern hardware, namely emulation and virtualization. Click the link below to move to the next part of the article.

Dual booting:-


                             You're brand new Windows Vista or Windows 7 equipped PC can almost certainly run Windows XP quite nicely too, (assuming you can find Windows XP drivers for all your hardware). Setting up more than one operating system on a single computer is usually called "dual booting". Some adventurous users even triple or quad boot between versions of Windows and various flavours of Linux! When you want to change the operating system, simply power down and reset your computer then select your alternative operating system from a special boot menu. Alternatively, you can use a removable hard drive caddy and simply swap one operating system drive for another one.
This approach is quite appealing in some scenarios. If you set up Windows XP on your PC, then naturally you'll get 100% compatibility with Windows XP software. This is great news for game players who've amassed large collections of video games over the years that Windows XP has been available. Unlike the emulation and virtualization options that we discuss later in this article, your Windows XP installation will run as quickly and smoothly as possible, with full access to your computers hardware.
There are several rather large drawbacks to this approach too. Firstly and most importantly, configuring your computer to dual boot is a complex process, one that varies from machine to machine and one that can certainly end in disaster if not done correctly. A full discussion of how to set up a dual boot system is beyond the scope of this article. Secondly, it's worth reiterating that in order to switch from one operating system to another, you must shut down the current operating system then reboot the alternative. While this probably won't matter to gamers, the inconvenience of having to save all your work, shut down all your applications and switch operating systems like this in order to run a desktop or productivity application may be too much for most users.
The next part of the article discusses two important technologies for running older sofware on modern hardware, namely emulation and virtualization. Click the link below to move to the next part of the article.

The internet detective:-

                                                        We recommend this method as the starting point when trying to troubleshoot any Windows compatibility issues. The first thing to check is with the original publisher or author of the software. Download any patches or updates from the publisher or developers website if possible and then try again.

Master the basics of Microsoft Windows 7 and find out what's new in the latest version of Windows. Windows 7 tutorial 1 - Introducing the new Desktop, Start Menu and Taskbar:-

                                                                                                                               In Windows 7 tutorial 1, we start at the very beginning of Windows 7 with an introduction to the Desktop, Start Menu and the all new Taskbar. New in Windows 7 is the improved Taskbar and the neater System Tray, which you'll see briefly in this video. Both of these new features will be explored in more detail in later tutorials too.

Circuits moved to CircuitsArchive:-

CircuitsArchive is a community-focused website whose goal is to provide a commonplace to share Electronic Circuits Schematics.

The new CircuitsArchive website is a free content project that collects information about Electronic Circuits. CircuitsArchive already contains hundreds of electronic circuits organized into several categories.

Created with the same MediaWiki software that was developed for the Wikipedia project, CircuitsArchive allows registered users to contribute and improve the website. All text is available under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and may be distributed or linked accordingly.

Power supply:-

                                  A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to the other components in a computer. More specifically, a power supply unit is typically designed to convert general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains (100-127V in North America, parts of South America, Japan, and Taiwan; 220-240V in most of the rest of the world) to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits. It converts high voltage into low voltage.

Latest Hardware Components Supported:-

PCI Express 3.0, AMD Hypertransport 3.0, Intel QPI 1.1, Intel Manageability Engine (AMT, QST), Intel SpeedStep, Dynamic Acceleration, Turbo Mode, Intelligent Power Sharing, DDR2, DDR3, FB-DIMM, Enhanced Performace Profiles (EPP 1.0 & 2.0), Intel Extreme Memory Profiles (XMP), ACPI, IPMI, ASUS EPU/EPU2, Giga-Byte DES, SATA 6Gbps AHCI/RAID, S.M.A.R.T.

Latest Hardware Components Supported:-

Intel 5-series/34x0 (Ibex Peak), X58/5500/5520 (Tylersburg), Boxboro, Tigerpoint, Topcliff, Cougar Point, Patsburg
AMD 780G/780V/M780/M780V/790GX/780E/760G/780G (RS780), SR5690/SR5670/SR5650 (RD890S/RD870S), 785G/M785/890GX (RS880), SP5100 (SB700/750), SB800/Hudson-1, Hudson-2
nVidia nForce 720i/730i/740i/760i SLI, GeForce 9xxx (MCP79/7A), ION, MCP89
VIA P4M900, CN896, VN896, CX800/VX800/VX820, VX855/VX875, VN1000

Latest Hardware Components Supported:-




Intel Nehalem family: Core i7 (Bloomfield), Xeon 55xx (Nehalem-EP/Gainestown), Xeon W35xx (Nehalem-WS), Xeon 65xx/75xx (Nehalem-EX/Beckton), Core i5/i7 (Lynnfield), Core i7 (Clarksfield), Havendale, Auburndale, Xeon (Jasper Forest)
Intel Westmere family: Core i3/i5 Clarkdale, Core i5/i7 Arrandale (+ECC), Xeon 56xx (Westmere-EP), Xeon 36xx (Westmere-WS),  Core i7-980X (Gulftown), Westmere-EX (Eagleton)
Intel EP80579 (Tolapai), Atom Z5xx (Silverthorne), Atom N2xx/2xx/3xx (Diamondville), Atom N4xx/D4xx/D5xx (Pineview), Tunnel Creek, Lincroft
Intel Sandy Bridge family: DT/MB/EN/EP/EX
AMD Family 10h (DR-Ax/Bx, RB-Cx, BL-Cx, DA-Cx, HY-Dx, PH-Ex):
- AM2r2/AM3: Athlon/Sempron (Lima, Sargas), Athlon II/Neo (Kuma, Regor, Rana, Propus), Phenom II/Neo (Agena, Deneb, Callisto, Heka, Toliman, Thuban), TWKR Black Edition
- Fr2/Fr4: Opteron (Barcelona, Shanghai, Suzuka, Budapest, Istanbul)
- C32r1: Opteron 41xx (Lisbon)
- G34: Opteron 61xx (Magny Cours)
- S1g3/g4: Turion II/Ultra, Athlon II, Phenom II
- ASB2: Athlon II Neo K/R/N, Turion II Neo K/N (Geneva)
AMD Family 11h (LG-Ax/Bx): S1g2: Sempron SI/NI/X2, Athlon QI/QL (Sable), Turion X2 Ultra/RM (Griffin)
AMD Family 12h (FS1, FM1, FP1)
AMD Family 14h (FT1): (Ontario)
AMD Family 15h: (Bulldozer)
VIA C7 and Nano

             How to Change the Startup Disk for Windows

                           How to Delete EPROM Memory

How to Remove the Hard Drive and Audio Board from a Dell Vostro V13 :-

 How to Open a Laptop Without a Password 

How to Erase a Hard Drive in Freeware:-

 How to Change a USB Card on Toughbook:-

Buying a Gaming Computer: Four Things to Consider

 

If you are an avid fan of computer games, you will need a powerful computer to run all the intensive applications of modern 3D games. You will need to place speed and performance on top of cost and portability when buying a gaming PC. These high-performance machines require high-end components which come at a hefty price tag. You will not necessarily have to break the bank but be ready to shell out some extra bucks! Here are some things you need to consider when selecting your gaming PC. * Speed and Performance Gaming computers are designed with the gamer in mind. They are built to deliver high frame rates, high resolution, and faster response times than your normal workstation. To enjoy a fast gaming system, you need more RAM, a fast CPU, and, most importantly, a high-end graphics card or two. The more features your gaming rig has, the better your gaming experience. * Cost While gaming systems are always costly compared to an average computer, some are more expensive than others. It is possible to run games on most modern computers with a lot of graphics options disabled. If you can make do without extra lighting and other special effects, you can choose a gaming system with less powerful components and, thus, pay less. When considering the purchase of higher-end components, ask yourself whether the benefits you can enjoy are worth the price. * Portability A desktop gaming computer is more advantageous than a laptop. It can accommodate more hardware and peripherals. It is has more upgrade options. With a desktop gaming system, you can tinker around with various sound cards, motherboards, CPUs, and video cards. If you frequent LAN parties, however, you will not want to lug your tower PC about. A high-performance laptop can give you added mobility at the price of performance. * Warranty and Support When purchasing your expensive gaming rig, take note of the warranty too so you can protect your investment. You will want to have at least a one-year warranty for parts and labor. Some companies will extend your warranty period for a price. Full customer support is also one important factor to consider. If your gaming PC bogs down, you will want to have someone reliable to run to. Remember, you do not have to break an arm and a leg to get a decent gaming PC. You can limit yourself to a budget and weigh the value of each computer component carefully.

                           Computer Video Card Knowledge

 

There are two types of systems used to create video on your computer; one type is integrated video and the other is a video card. A video card is the part of your computer that is responsible for converting binary code from the CPU into a picture so you can view it on your monitor. Video Cards can also be called Computer Graphics Cards. Computer Video cards plug directly into an expansion slot on the motherboard of a computer using various slots like PCI, AGP, and PCI Express. Integrated video is a chip built into the motherboard used to run the video. Most older systems have integrated video because it is a less expensive alternative to a video card. This usually this gives poor picture quality and slows down the computer because it relies on the systems CPU and memory to run it. Newer video cards come with their own memory, cooling, and a graphics processing unit (GPU). 

                           Computer CPU Knowledge

                          Computer Motherboard Knowledge

                                   Computer RAM Knowledge

Computer RAM is the best known form of memory your computer uses to temporarily store and access data. From the time you turn on your computer, your CPU is constantly using memory (RAM). Every time something is opened or loaded, it gets placed into RAM. This means it is put into a temporary storage area so the CPU can more easily access the information. From there it becomes a continuous cycle where the CPU requests data from

                             Upgrading Computer RAM 

Computer RAM

                                       Types of Computer RAM

RAM Type:	Pins:	Usage:
SDRAM	168	Typically only used in older and slower computers.
RDRAM	184	Only used in certain Pentium 4’s with certain Intel chipsets.
DDR	184	Faster version of SD RAM used in Pentium 4’s and Athlon
DDR2	240	Newer version of DDR RAM with higher clock frequencies
DDR3	240	Newer version of DDR2 with higher clock frequencies

Build Your Own Computer:-

Are you ready to Build Your Own Computer  This tutorial can guide you in the steps needed to help you build your own computer or just change a component. The tutorial consists of a step-by-step guide to help you from start to finish. There is information sbout how to choose your computer components, how to assemble the computer and the starting up a computer for the first time.

Computer Knowledge:-

Client Computer Configuration:-

                     
                                                                                  If you want to setup the printer at the client computer then you can do this by the following command.
\\computername\printername (printer name is the shared name of the printer)
Second option is the same as you installed the print device on the server i.e. Start > Settings > Control Panel > Printers and Faxes > File Menu > Add Printer.
In this tutorial you have learnt that what is a printer, basic types of the printers and how to setup print server in Windows 2000/2003.
    

Server Configurations

1. Right click on the printer name > Properties > Sharing > Share this printer.
2. Provide a shared name for your network printer.
3. This name will be used by all the client computers on the network who want to access this printer.
4. You can also set the color management, priorities, printing preferences, font and other things in the properties tab of the printer.

How to Setup Print Server in Windows 2000/2003

Installation
1. Install the operating system such as Windows 2000 or Windows 2003.
2. Attach printer device with the computer. Normally operating system will automatically detect the printer and if not then you have to manually install the driver of the printer by inserting the CD-ROM. If you don’t have the drivers in the CD then you can download from the vendor’s website or from driverguide.com. You just need to know the model of your printer such as Hewlett Packard LaserJet 2600n, Canon PIXMA™ iP90 InkJet, Lexmark C534N, Canon PIXMA™ MP530 All-In-One Inkjet etc.
3. Install and configure the printer driver in the following steps.
4. Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel > Printer and Faxes.
5. Click on the File Menu > Add printer > Next > Local Printer attached to this computer.
6. Check Automatically Detect and Install My Plug and Play Printer.
7. Click Next.
8. Wizard will automatically detect any attached printer and install the driver for it. If the system doesn’t find the driver then you will be prompted to provide the driver of the printer.
9. After successfully installing the printer driver, you will see a new printer name in the Printer and Faxes inside the control panel.

Dot Matrix:-

                                 In the Dot Matrix, pins are used to strike the ribbon and dots, characters and images are produced when pin strikes the ribbon. The columns of 8, 9 and 24 pins are used in the Dot matrix. Dot matrix printers have horizontally moving head and pins in the vertical position. Dot matrix printers are mostly cheap and they are used for low to medium quality of printing.

Common Types of Printer:-



Laser Jet:-
                 Laser printers use xerographic printing process, which is a same technique as used by the photocopier machine. In the laser printer, the roller is charged with the electricity and the laser light is used to remove that charge from the roller. Laser printer is very fast and they produce high quality and text, graphics and images.

Installation and setup of an HP Wireless Printer Network:-

                                                                                                                                         this article will show yo how to setup an HP wireless network printer. Which will allow multiple users in your home to print simultaneously without wiring to the printer.

• Make sure all the computers are enabled to print wirelessly.

• Set up a router system on your main computer, this helps to transmit signal to other computers in your network. Buy  the HP printer, there is a wide selection to choose from with many functions. Choose one with network capability.

• Setup the printer in an accessible location for all computers ( Install the new ink cartridges according to the manufacturer’s directions).

• Now install the software for the printer from the CD that came with it. Tale care to install it in every computer you intend to use for printing. Once this is done the router connected to the host will  let each computer or laptop catch the printer signal.

Network Your Printer - Printer Networking Tutorial:-

                                                                                                                                Here's a brief check list to go over before you start:
-> All the network, printer, and power cables, are plugged in.
-> The network is fine (you can see other computers in Network Neighborhood, etc).
-> The printer is installed on the computer you want to share it from.
-> You have the drivers for the printer on disk or CD (If you don't you can usually just use a Win98 CD; if that's not an option, there is a Driver Download Page in the Links section where you can pick some up).
-> There's something there between your ears.
Okay, let's get started.
1. Start on the computer that has the printer connected to it. It's nice if you have administrative privileges, since you can do a lot more; but if you don't, that's just fine.
2. Share the printer by going to My Computer->Printers and right-clicking the printer you want to share, then clicking on "Sharing." If you don't see anything that's marked "sharing," right-click Network Neighborhood, properties, and make sure you have file sharing installed (if not, press the "File and Print Sharing" button, and check the printer box.)
3. Click "Shared As," type the name you want to give the printer, and press OK
4. Okay, then go to the computer that you want to use the printer from.
5. Go to My Computer->Printers->Add Printer->Next
6. There are two different ways of doing this: most of the time you can do it the easy way, but I assume that the reason you're reading this is because you'd rather do it the fun way. Easy Way (For single computers that only use a single account)

Installing printer drivers on Windows computer:-

This tutorial assumes you are using Windows 2000 or XP, although the concepts are the same for other Windows operating systems. This is really not difficult, you just need to know where to point and click. Windows has many drivers pre-installed and often you won’t need to do anything. Your computer recognizes a new printer is attached and everything is set up for you. But sometimes your printer isn’t recognized and the drivers are flakey and just don’t work right. In these cases you can download and install the latest driver from the manufacturer’s website. We’ll use the HP Laserjet 4200 as an example. With the LJ 4200, and other printers, we’ve noticed some strange results with the PCL 6 driver. If you are using Windows, please use the HP PCL5 driver or HP Postscript driver for best results. We have seen problems such as light print and slow printing with the PCL 6 and Microsoft written drivers. Note: These instructions assume that your printer will be connected with a parallel cable directly to the computer. If you have a networked printer then the steps will be the same except when you get to the step “Select a Printer Port” you will need to choose Create New Port. At that point you will be given the option to enter the IP address of your JetDirect Card. Contact your network administrator for help with networked printer setup or refer to our network printer tutorial (coming soon).

Rootkits:-

                     Under Windows, installing a rootkit is a new way of creating a form of stealth virus or other malware. Rootkits are usually installed via a Trojan but once installed can hide most any type of malware. The rootkit gets its name from the Unix term "root" access which is the access level able to interact with any part of the operating system.
Rootkits are programs that typically replace kernel programs and DLL files with malware. Since it's a system file that has been replaced it's much easier to mask and hide the malware process from anti-virus software. Indeed, some anti-virus and anti-spyware/adware software has taken on some of the characteristics of a rootkit in order to find other rootkits that might be running. This, itself, can create problems (see the acronym ADVEIS).

Virus Tool Kits:-

                                       Besides the mutation engine, there are also now several tool kits available to help people create viruses. Several of these programs allow someone who has no knowledge of viruses to create their own "brand new" virus. One of these tool kits even has a very slick user interface with pull down menus and on-line help. You just pick your choices from the various menus and in a flash you've created your very own virus. While this sounds like a pretty ominous development for scanning technology, it's not as bad as it sounds. All the existing tool kits (such as VCS, VCL and MPC) create viruses that can be detected easily with existing scanner technology. The danger with these tool kits lies in the fact it's possible to create such a tool kit that could create viruses that really are unique. Fortunately, this hasn't been done yet, but it's only a matter of time before such a tool kit will be created. The conflict between virus writers and anti-virus researchers continues.

How to show and use the Shortcuts keys in Word 2007? :-


                                                                                                                                       Word 2007: Most keyboard shortcuts are identical to previous versions, including Word 2000 and Word 2003. But the interesting thing is Word 2007, Microsoft offers a new look for links or keys system. Earlier versions of Word, you have the mind to use the shortcut keys, such as (CTRL + B" to make letters bold and "CTRL + I" to make letters italic). But this should not be designed to Memory Techniques recent version of Word 2007. It is fast, easy and visual way to discover what should be weighed.

How to Translate Text to Other Languages in Microsoft Word 2007?:-

How to enjoy Internet Explorer using shortcuts keys?:-

                                                                                                                                    In Internet Explorer, you can use different key combination to carry out their routine tasks. With shortcut keys, you can speed your navigation without removing your hands from the keys, if required a mouse to select menu options and buttons. Basically keyboard shortcuts keys help you save time and you can perform all tasks without leaving the keyboard.

Why and How to Choose a PC Backup Solution? :-


                                                                                                                    This loss seems even worse when we know that most of them have no backup. Statistics? At least 65% of users do not backup before the start, whereas 90% is not back on the road.

Why? Well, the three main reasons I hear are:

• - My backup software does not work on WAN
• - I had limited bandwidth connections
• - I hate the backups - they slow down my PC and work

The biggest problems seem to be the available bandwidth and downtime backup over the WAN / Internet. Problems with bandwidth arises because of the enormous amount of duplicate data among business users. Not very surprisingly, over 80% of data between the PC business (e-mail / docs, etc.) are two examples. It is these copies that choke the bandwidth and storage.

This is where data de-duplication - now called DDD - enter This technology allows only a single copy of duplicate data and reduce duplication and reduce the size of the backup for business PCs. This potential for savings in backup time, bandwidth and storage are about 80%!

Thanks to the backup tape legacy, most current software has caused a backup server mechanism, which creates problems for mobile users connected via WAN. Since the PC does not have a fixed ip address, the server can not reach and therefore the backup fails. PC software for backup next generation to address the problem of accessibility of client server using the active backup.

In total, this is what you should look for in a portable backup:

• - Smart bandwidth priority: Sets only a percentage of bandwidth for backup
• - Super Secure: SSL encryption on the WAN / VPN for save
• - WAN Optimization: network for automatic detection to select a suitable packet size and bandwidth
• - Data Deduplication: Backup single copy of duplicate data.